1.Which of the following is considered correct if the ligaments disappeared from the hip joint?
1 mark
AIncrease friction between femur bone and pelvis bone
Why this is wrongFriction at the joint is reduced by articular cartilage and synovial fluid, not by ligaments, so removing ligaments does not raise friction.
BFemur bone moves in wrong direction Correct answer
CLosing ability to move the lower limb
Why this is wrongMovement is produced by muscles, so the limb could still move; the problem would be instability, not a total loss of movement.
DThe femur bone may fuse with pelvic bones
Why this is wrongBones are kept apart by the cartilage-covered joint surfaces and the joint cavity, so loss of ligaments does not cause the bones to fuse.
Why this is correctLigaments stabilize the joint and prevent abnormal displacement of the femur.
This question tests the function of ligaments at a synovial joint. Ligaments are tough connective bands that join bone to bone and hold the articulating surfaces in their correct position, stabilizing the joint against dislocation. If the ligaments of the hip disappeared, the head of the femur would lose this restraint and could slip out of its normal alignment, that is, move in a wrong direction. Friction is handled by cartilage and synovial fluid, movement by muscles, and bone separation by the joint cavity, none of which is the ligament's role. Method: assign each joint component a single function and read off the consequence of removing the named one.
2.Which of the following is considered correct if the ligaments disappeared from the hip joint?
1 mark
AIncrease friction between femur bone and pelvis bone.
Why this is wrongFriction is mainly reduced by articular cartilage and synovial fluid, not by ligaments.
BFemur bone moves in wrong direction. Correct answer
CLosing ability to move the lower limb.
Why this is wrongLoss of all lower-limb movement would require broader muscle, nerve, or joint failure; missing ligaments mainly destabilize direction.
DThe femur bone may fuse with pelvic bones.
Why this is wrongFusion of bones is not the direct effect of losing ligaments.
Why this is correctLigaments connect bones and stabilize the joint by keeping the articular bones in their correct positions during movement. If the hip ligaments disappeared, the femur would lose this stabilizing guidance and could move in a wrong direction.
This item checks what ligaments do in a synovial joint. Ligaments connect bone to bone and hold the articular surfaces in their proper positions, keeping the joint stable during movement. Without the hip ligaments, the femur would lose that stabilizing guide and could shift out of its correct alignment. Remember the division of labour: ligaments stabilize, cartilage and synovial fluid reduce friction, and muscles create movement.
3.During inhalation and exhalation in human diaphragm and ribs move. What is the right description for this motion?
1 mark
AContinuous
Why this is wrongContinuous movement, such as cytoplasmic streaming or the heartbeat, proceeds without repositioning body parts, but breathing does shift the ribs and diaphragm.
BCytoplasmic
Why this is wrongCytoplasmic movement refers to streaming within the cell (cyclosis) and is unrelated to the motion of the ribs and diaphragm.
CPositional Correct answer
DTotal
Why this is wrongBreathing repositions certain body parts but does not move the whole organism from one place to another, so it is not described as total movement.
Why this is correctDiaphragm and rib movement changes the position of body parts without moving the whole organism.
This item asks you to classify the movement of the diaphragm and ribs during breathing into the syllabus types of movement. Positional movement is movement that changes the position of a body part or of the whole organism, whereas continuous movement, such as cytoplasmic streaming or the heartbeat, occurs without repositioning any part. During inhalation and exhalation the ribs lift and lower and the diaphragm flattens and domes, clearly changing the position of those body parts while the whole body stays in place, so the motion is positional. Method: to label any movement, ask whether it relocates a body part or the whole body; if it does, it is positional.